定义类和对象：使用class关键字创建类，通过new实例化对象；2. 构造函数：用__construct()初始化属性；3. 继承：通过extends复用父类方法；4. 封装：用private/protected限制访问，提供getter/setter；5. 静态成员：用static定义类级别的属性和方法；6. 魔术方法：如__toString、__get、__set增强对象操作灵活性。

PHP's object-oriented programming (OOP) allows developers to structure code using classes and objects. Here’s how to apply OOP principles effectively in PHP:

The operating environment of this tutorial: MacBook Pro, macOS Sonoma

1. Define a Class and Create Objects

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It encapsulates properties and methods that define the behavior and state of the objects.

• Use the class keyword followed by the class name to declare a class.
• Define properties using public, private, or protected visibility modifiers.
• Create an instance of the class with the new keyword.

2. Use Constructor Methods

The constructor method runs automatically when an object is instantiated, allowing initial setup of object properties.

• Define it using __construct() within the class.
• Pass parameters during object creation to initialize property values dynamically.
• This improves code reusability and reduces repetitive initialization code.

3. Implement Inheritance

Inheritance enables a new class to inherit properties and methods from an existing class, promoting code reuse.

• Use the extends keyword to derive one class from another.
• The child class can override parent methods or add new ones.
• Access overridden parent methods using parent::method_name().

4. Apply Encapsulation with Access Modifiers

Encapsulation restricts direct access to certain components, enhancing control over data manipulation.

• Mark sensitive properties as private or protected.
• Provide public getter and setter methods to safely read or modify private properties.
• This prevents invalid or unauthorized changes to object state.

5. Utilize Static Properties and Methods

Static elements belong to the class itself rather than any specific instance, useful for utility functions or shared data.

• Declare them with the static keyword.
• Access them directly via the class name using ClassName::$property or ClassName::method().
• No object instantiation is required to use static members.

6. Leverage Magic Methods

Magic methods are special built-in functions that trigger automatically in response to specific events.

• Examples include __toString() for string conversion and __get()/__set() for handling undefined property access.
• They enhance flexibility and allow cleaner syntax when interacting with objects.
• Always prefix magic methods with double underscores.